14 research outputs found
An Overview of Dye Wastewater and Its Treatment via Coagulation-Flocculation with Iron Chloride
The chapter discusses an overview of the removal of colour, COD, turbidity and TSS from dye wastewater using iron chloride as a coagulant in coagulation-flocculation process. This chapter explained dye wastewater definition and characteristics, dye wastewater treatment methods and factors that influence the coagulation-flocculation processes of dye wastewater treatment. The chapter also gives an explanation about various chemical coagulant used in dye wastewater treatment process and the efficiency of these coagulants
Characteristics of chicken slaughterhouse wastewater
The chicken slaughterhouse wastewater is a class of wastewater, which is heavily polluted with organic matters including proteins, blood residues, fats and lard. Therefore, the direct discharged of untreated chicken slaughterhouse wastewater into the environment is associated with the occurrence of eutrophication phenomenon. In the present study, the characteristics of chicken slaughterhouse wastewater were investigated to ascertain the role of these wastes in the adverse effect on the environment and natural water system. The parameter tested included biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), orthophosphate (PO4 3-), temperature and pH. The results revealed available high concentrations of BOD (1,341 - 1,821 ± 242.7 mg L1 ), COD (3,154.19 - 7,719.3 ± 2,282.69 mg L-1), TSS (377.67 - 5,462 ± 2,696.1 mg L-1) which have exceeded the EQA1974 standard limits for disposal of wastewater into the environment. The concentrations of TN (162.6 -563.8 ± 215 mg L-1) and PO4 3- (7.047 - 17.111 ± 4.25 mg L-1) were within the range required for microalgae growth which confirm their role in the occurrence of eutrophication phenomenon. It can be concluded that the direct discharge of chicken slaughterhouse wastewater contributes negatively on the environmental biodiversity and thus they should be subjected for an effective treated before the final disposal
Pengaruh tahap stres terhadap kepuasan kerja dalam Kalangan pengajar kolej vokasional di Negeri Pahang
Kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk mengkaji mengenai pengaruh stres terhadap
kepuasan kerja dalam kalangan pengajar KV di negeri Pahang dengan memberikan
tumpuan kepada tiga aspek iaitu aspek beban kerja, aspek karenah pelajar serta aspek
penghargaan dan sokongan. Seramai 240 orang responden yang terdiri daripada
kalangan pengajar di lapan buah KV di negeri Pahang telah dipilih secara rawak
mudah. Nilai kebolehpercayaan Alpha Cronbach bagi keseluruhan soal selidik ini
ialah 0.898. Soal selidik berkaitan pengaruh stres terhadap kepuasan kerja dibina
sendiri dan selebihnya diubahsuai berpandukan instrumen yang digunakan oleh
penyelidik terdahulu bagi menyediakan pelbagai jenis soalan berdasarkan objektif
kajian. Kajian sebenar dijalankan dengan mengedarkan borang soal selidik
mengandungi 58 item soalan kepada 240 responden. Data yang diperolehi dianalisis
menggunakan Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) versi 22. Analisis
statistik deskriptif iaitu skor min dan sisihan piawai digunakan bagi mengenal pasti
tahap stres bagi aspek beban tugas, karenah pelajar serta penghargaan dan sokongan
dalam kalangan pengajar. Manakala analisis ujian regrasi pelbagai digunakan bagi
mengesan pengaruh stres terhadap kepuasan kerja. Dapatan kajian mendapati min
keseluruhan tahap stres bagi aspek beban tugas dan karenah pelajar adalah sederhana
dengan nilai skor min 3.49. Manakala hasil dapatan keseluruhan nilai min bagi
konstruk tahap stres aspek penghargaan dan sokongan berada pada tahap yang tinggi
iaitu 3.81. Dapatan analisis ujian regrasi pelbagai pula menunjukkan tahap stres bagi
aspek beban tugas, aspek karenah pelajar dan aspek penghargaan dan sokongan
mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja. Oleh itu, beberapa cadangan telah dikemukakan
dalam kajian ini dalam usaha menangani stres yang berterusan serta boleh
mempengaruhi tahap kepuasan kerja. Antara cadangan pengkaji adalah tenaga
pengajar diberi lebih banyak pendedahan berkaitan perubahan sistem pendidikan
vokasional yang dialami sekarang agar mereka lebih bersedia dalam menggalas tugas
yang baharu seterusmya akan memberi kepuasan kerja dalam kalangan pengajar KV
Rainwater harvesting study at Masjid Jamek Riyahdus Solihin, Pintas Puding, Batu Pahat Johor Malaysia
Harvesting rainwater contribute towards a sustainable living. It eliminate the wastage and reduce the dependency
of potable water. The demand of potable water increases in accordance to the population. Rainwater harvesting
is capable to combat water crisis and serves as an alternative water resources during water shortage. The present
study proposed a rainwater harvesting system for the mosque and obtain the rainfall amount at study area. The
method used for designing the rainwater harvesting system is referred to MSMA 2nd Edition. The system is
consists of downpipe filter (4"/ Ø150 mm), Eaves gutter (16, 000 mm²) first flush diverter 150 mm (63 liter; 1.78
length) and: taper tank (600 liters). Rainfall data for study area was recorded by HOBO tipping rain gauge for
four months. Rainwater was calculated and harvested 116.7% yield to the water demand for the study area. The
rainfall for four months at the study area showed that the rainwater demand was sufficient to be collected and
used for the mosque activities. The highest rainfall data collected was 75.2 mm. This study would help to initiate
a starting point to create a green mosque concept into reality. Furthermore, this system applied the concept of
green building that create environmental friendly surrounding as a stepping stone to educate and at the same time
save the environment and minimize the energy wastage
Significance Impact of Seafood Processing Wastewater Effluent
Seafood is one of the high food demands in Malaysia as it obtained 15% of the protein which required food dietary hierarchy. According to the Fisheries Department of Malaysia (DOF), approximately 5% of fisheries production is increased each year since 2013. Therefore, this chapter provides insights into a range of aspects associated with the statistics of seafood production, method of seafood processing, impact of improper discharge, criteria, chemical characteristics of the seafood processing wastewater, standard regulation of seafood processing discharge and previous studies on seafood processing wastewater treatment. Therefore, it improved the awareness towards the untreated of seafood processing wastewater
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Background
Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and identify gaps in achieving these goals. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we aimed to assess incident cases and deaths due to acute infectious meningitis by aetiology and age from 1990 to 2019, for 204 countries and territories.
Methods
We modelled meningitis mortality using vital registration, verbal autopsy, sample-based vital registration, and mortality surveillance data. Meningitis morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian compartmental model, using data from the published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as surveillance data, inpatient hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and cause-specific meningitis mortality estimates. For aetiology estimation, data from multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature studies were analysed by use of a network analysis model to estimate the proportion of meningitis deaths and cases attributable to the following aetiologies: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and a residual other pathogen category.
Findings
In 2019, there were an estimated 236 000 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 204 000–277 000) and 2·51 million (2·11–2·99) incident cases due to meningitis globally. The burden was greatest in children younger than 5 years, with 112 000 deaths (87 400–145 000) and 1·28 million incident cases (0·947–1·71) in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 7·5 (6·6–8·4) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 3·3 (2·8–3·9) per 100 000 population in 2019. The highest proportion of total all-age meningitis deaths in 2019 was attributable to S pneumoniae (18·1% [17·1–19·2]), followed by N meningitidis (13·6% [12·7–14·4]) and K pneumoniae (12·2% [10·2–14·3]). Between 1990 and 2019, H influenzae showed the largest reduction in the number of deaths among children younger than 5 years (76·5% [69·5–81·8]), followed by N meningitidis (72·3% [64·4–78·5]) and viruses (58·2% [47·1–67·3]).
Interpretation
Substantial progress has been made in reducing meningitis mortality over the past three decades. However, more meningitis-related deaths might be prevented by quickly scaling up immunisation and expanding access to health services. Further reduction in the global meningitis burden should be possible through low-cost multivalent vaccines, increased access to accurate and rapid diagnostic assays, enhanced surveillance, and early treatment.publishedVersio
Global, regional, and national mortality due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 2000–2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background
Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is a largely preventable cause of death that has received insufficient attention. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive global analysis of the demographic, temporal, and geographical patterns of fatal unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from 2000 to 2021.
Methods
As part of the latest Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality was quantified using the GBD cause of death ensemble modelling strategy. Vital registration data and covariates with an epidemiological link to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning informed the estimates of death counts and mortality rates for all locations, sexes, ages, and years included in the GBD. Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying deaths by remaining standard life expectancy at age of death. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning deaths due to occupational injuries and high alcohol use were estimated.
Findings
In 2021, the global mortality rate due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning was 0·366 per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval 0·276–0·415), with 28 900 deaths (21 700–32 800) and 1·18 million YLLs (0·886–1·35) across all ages. Nearly 70% of deaths occurred in males (20 100 [15 800–24 000]), and the 50–54-year age group had the largest number of deaths (2210 [1660–2590]). The highest mortality rate was in those aged 85 years or older with 1·96 deaths (1·38–2·32) per 100 000. Eastern Europe had the highest age-standardised mortality rate at 2·12 deaths (1·98–2·30) per 100 000. Globally, there was a 53·5% (46·2–63·7) decrease in the age-standardised mortality rate from 2000 to 2021, although this decline was not uniform across regions. The overall PAFs for occupational injuries and high alcohol use were 13·6% (11·9–16·0) and 3·5% (1·4–6·2), respectively.
Interpretation
Improvements in unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality rates have been inconsistent across regions and over time since 2000. Given that unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is almost entirely preventable, policy-level interventions that lower the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning events should be prioritised, such as those that increase access to improved heating and cooking devices, reduce carbon monoxide emissions from generators, and mandate use of carbon monoxide alarms.publishedVersio
Coupling of Anammox Activity and PAH Biodegradation: Current Insights and Future Directions
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has shown success in past years for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater containing inorganic nutrients (i.e., nitrogen). However, the increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated matrices calls for new strategies for efficient and environmentally sustainable remediation. Therefore, the present review examined the literature on the connection between the anammox process and PAHs using VOSviewer to shed light on the mechanisms involved during PAH biodegradation and the key factors affecting anammox bacteria. The scientific literature thoroughly discussed here shows that PAHs can be involved in nitrogen removal by acting as electron donors, and their presence does not adversely affect the anammox bacteria. Anammox activity can be improved by regulating the operating parameters (e.g., organic load, dissolved oxygen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) and external supplementation (i.e., calcium nitrate) that promote changes in the microbial community (e.g., Candidatus Jettenia), favoring PAH degradation. The onset of a synergistic dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and partial denitrification can be beneficial for PAH and nitrogen removal
Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/gelatin films loaded with microcapsules of pulicaria jaubertii extract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of incorporating two concentrations of microcapsules containing
Pulicaria jaubertii extract (MPJE) on the physicochemical, microstructure, and bioactivities properties of films
based on chitosan (CH), gelatin (GEL), and CH50:GEL50 for possible use as active food packaging in the future.
The MPJE treatment was compatible with the CH and/or GEL film without affecting chemical structures.
Physico-mechanical results revealed that the CH50:GEL50 film showed optimal properties. The films blended
with MPJE considerably improved in glass transition temperature and thermal stability. The films treated with
MPJE presented high barrier property toward UV and visible light. Compared with that of the control films, the
microstructure of the films loaded with MPJE had a rougher surface with homogeneous microcapsules, which
increased with increasing MPJE concentration. Furthermore, mixing MPJE with CH and/or GEL led to the for�mation of high bioactive films with lower moisture content than the control films, suggesting that MPJE can be
utilized to preserve lipid-rich foods
Determination of physicochemical properties of formulated fish feed supplemented with microalgae from bioremediation process
This study was conducted to determine the potential of Scenedesmus sp. from phycoremediation as fishmeal replacer in formulated fish feed targeted for Oreochromis niloticus. Formulated fish feeds were designated with Formulation 1 being the control; in Formulation 2 and 3, 2 % of fishmeal was substituted with Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in Bold’s Basal Medium, and in artificial wastewater, respectively. It was found that supplementation with Scenedesmus sp. did not alter the hardness of the feed pellets (p>0.5), but the water stability of Formulation 2 and 3 was significantly lower than Formulation 1 (p0.05). Negative correlation was determined between moisture content and water stability of Formulation 2 and 3 (p<0.05). This study showed the phycoremediation ability of Scenedesmus sp. in artificial wastewater with removal efficiency of 12.42 % and 49.25 % for Zn and Fe, respectively. It also found that biomass productivity of microalgae was lower in artificial wastewater compared to that in Bold’s Basal Medium. Overall, the results of the study suggested the sustainability of wastewater-treated microalgae as fishmeal replacer had little effect on physicochemical properties of fish feed